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Witch of November
The Witch of November, or November Witch, refers to the strong winds that frequently blow across the Great Lakes in autumn. The "witches" are caused by intense low atmospheric pressure over the Great Lakes pulling cold Canadian/Arctic air from the north or northwest and warm Gulf air from the south. When these cold and warm air masses collide, they can result in hurricane force winds that stir up large waves on the Lakes.
The storm that wrecked the ''Edmund Fitzgerald'' was 978 mbar,〔Storm map () Accessed 14 June 2006〕 equivalent to a borderline Category 1/2 hurricane. Similar witches have caused numerous shipwrecks over the years. Another storm that hit in November 1998 was 967 mbar,〔Storm map () Accessed 14 June 2006〕 equivalent to a solid Category 2 hurricane. A still stronger storm, of October 2010, brought Minnesota and Wisconsin record low barometric pressures of, respectively, 954.96 and 961.06 mbar〔All-time low pressure records () Accessed 30 October 2010〕 (both equivalent to a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale) and lashed Duluth with 81 mph wind gusts〔Star Tribune Storm Recap () Accessed 27 October 2010〕 and 19-foot seas〔NOAA Buoy Data () Accessed 27 October 2010〕 during the night of October 26–27, 2010. Gordon Lightfoot's song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" makes reference to the Witch of November.
When the History Channel featured Great Lakes shipwrecks, they used the term November Witch almost exclusively.
== References and notes==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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